States have varying understandings and practices when it comes to applying export controls to the provision of cyber-surveillance tools under a software-as-a-service model. The potential gaps and loopholes this leaves need to be addressed.
This backgrounder examines the EU Dual-use Regulation catch-all control and new guidelines intended to help exporters to comply with it.
Export controls remain the most effective and actively utilized policy response to the risks of proliferation and misuse of cyber-surveillance tools. At the third Summit for Democracy, states have an opportunity to build on work started at last year's summit to strengthen controls.
Lora Saalman explores the appropriation of cyberspace as the newest domain for hybrid warfare, citing cases of alleged cyber intrusion and attack from Ukraine to the South China Sea.
With cybersecurity become increasingly importand for state security, can it be controlled by traditional security mechanisms?