On 16 July the President of Panama announced that his country had seized a North Korean ship transporting undeclared military cargo from Cuba destined for North Korea. The cargo consists of missile components, prohibited under the UN arms embargo.
However, while the world's media focuses on the illicit missile technology it is the Cuban sugar destined for famine-stricken North Korea that highlights the barter trade that has played a central role in North Korea's relations with countries willing to flout the highly restrictive sanctions regime imposed by the UN Security Council.
North Korea's abundances and shortages
North Korea is poor and its people hungry but it has an abundance of Soviet-era military equipment as well as the technicians to service, repair and upgrade old Soviet or Chinese military equipment in exchange for food or much-needed foreign currency. In the past, this could have been rice (in the case of Myanmar) and Cuba is not short of sugar. Both commodities are in short supply in Pyongyang.
North Korea's elite seeks to capitalize on the narrow range of goods and services its highly militarized society has to offer in exchange for basic foodstuffs. In a world of globalized, international trade, North Korea's poverty and in particular its isolation makes its few remaining traditional ties to states such as Cuba all the more important for the regime's psychological well-being.
Cold war era connections with Cuba
In the post-cold war era, North Korea’s trading partners outside of North East Asia—including Burma, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Congo (Brazzaville), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran, Pakistan, Yemen and Zimbabwe—have also been named in connection to North Korean military or sensitive dual use missile technology transfers.
In some of these cases, precious foreign currency earnings played a major role but in the case of Cuba—another poor country—the value of the relationship is barter trade and a highly prized diplomatic and political relationship for North Korea, now the world's most isolated UN member state.
North Korea's Cuban connection has its roots in a bygone age when both countries benefited from subsidies and favourable trade agreements with the former Soviet Union. However, there are echoes from that past today. For example, a number of North Korean arms brokers—one of whom offered North Korean missiles to a British arms dealer subsequently convicted in the United Kingdom in 2012—speak fluent Spanish.
The need for greater international information sharing
Nevertheless, the world has moved on since 1989 and North Korea's most recent missile and nuclear tests have isolated the country further and have led to a tightening of UN sanctions that provide explicit wording on the inspection of suspect North Korean vessels. While barter trade and associated military transfers will continue to occur, greater international cooperation and information sharing may also lead to an increase in the number of seizures.
For detailed analysis of North Korean ships and their involvement in arms and narcotics trafficking, download Maritime Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows, SIPRI Policy Paper No. 32, by Hugh Griffiths and Michael Jenks.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
Hugh Griffiths was Head of the Countering Illicit Trafficking–Mechanism Assessment Project and was seconded to the United Nations Panel of Experts on sanctions to North Korea.
On 16 July the President of Panama announced that his country had seized a North Korean ship transporting undeclared military cargo from Cuba destined for North Korea. The cargo consists of missile components, prohibited under the UN arms embargo.
However, while the world's media focuses on the illicit missile technology it is the Cuban sugar destined for famine-stricken North Korea that highlights the barter trade that has played a central role in North Korea's relations with countries willing to flout the highly restrictive sanctions regime imposed by the UN Security Council.
North Korea's abundances and shortages
North Korea is poor and its people hungry but it has an abundance of Soviet-era military equipment as well as the technicians to service, repair and upgrade old Soviet or Chinese military equipment in exchange for food or much-needed foreign currency. In the past, this could have been rice (in the case of Myanmar) and Cuba is not short of sugar. Both commodities are in short supply in Pyongyang.
North Korea's elite seeks to capitalize on the narrow range of goods and services its highly militarized society has to offer in exchange for basic foodstuffs. In a world of globalized, international trade, North Korea's poverty and in particular its isolation makes its few remaining traditional ties to states such as Cuba all the more important for the regime's psychological well-being.
Cold war era connections with Cuba
In the post-cold war era, North Korea’s trading partners outside of North East Asia—including Burma, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Congo (Brazzaville), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran, Pakistan, Yemen and Zimbabwe—have also been named in connection to North Korean military or sensitive dual use missile technology transfers.
In some of these cases, precious foreign currency earnings played a major role but in the case of Cuba—another poor country—the value of the relationship is barter trade and a highly prized diplomatic and political relationship for North Korea, now the world's most isolated UN member state.
North Korea's Cuban connection has its roots in a bygone age when both countries benefited from subsidies and favourable trade agreements with the former Soviet Union. However, there are echoes from that past today. For example, a number of North Korean arms brokers—one of whom offered North Korean missiles to a British arms dealer subsequently convicted in the United Kingdom in 2012—speak fluent Spanish.
The need for greater international information sharing
Nevertheless, the world has moved on since 1989 and North Korea's most recent missile and nuclear tests have isolated the country further and have led to a tightening of UN sanctions that provide explicit wording on the inspection of suspect North Korean vessels. While barter trade and associated military transfers will continue to occur, greater international cooperation and information sharing may also lead to an increase in the number of seizures.
For detailed analysis of North Korean ships and their involvement in arms and narcotics trafficking, download Maritime Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows, SIPRI Policy Paper No. 32, by Hugh Griffiths and Michael Jenks.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)