Military and Security Dimensions of Quantum Technologies: A Primer

Quantum technologies are advancing rapidly from experimental research into strategic defence and security applications, fundamentally altering how information is sensed, shared and secured. Ground- and satellite-based quantum key distribution networks are already being deployed by China and the European Union, promising virtually unbreakable communication. Quantum sensing systems, capable of precise navigation without a global navigation satellite system as well as subterranean and underwater detection, are nearing operational use. In computing, there are expectations that within one to three years quantum computers will be able to solve problems with real-world applications faster or more efficiently than classical computing methods—although significant hurdles in fidelity, error correction and scale remain. 

Given the dual-use nature of quantum technologies—meaning that civilian advances can be rapidly applied to military or intelligence contexts—the potential for strategic asymmetries as the rate of progress on quantum differs markedly between states, and the likely future large-scale proliferation of quantum tools, strong policy frameworks, ethical norms and international cooperation are essential. However, while there is an expanding array of national strategies to address areas such as research, supply chain resilience and export controls, multilateral coordination on quantum standards and norms is fragmented. This report therefore provides important background and recommendations aimed at supporting the creation of international ethical, legal and security frameworks that ensure quantum bolsters, rather than undermines, global stability.