Documents on confidence-building measures (CBMs)

The following documents provide a review of confidence-building measures (CBMs) that have been agreed with regard to the Korean peninsula since the 1953 Korean War Armistice Agreement and other relevant bi- and multilateral CBMs. The documentation constitutes an appendix to the report ‘Tools for Building Confidence on the Korean Penisula’, the result of a project carried out by SIPRI and the Centre for Security Studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. The whole report will be published in the spring of 2007.

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The Korean War Armistice Agreement
Panmunjon, Korea, 27 July 1953

North-South Joint Communiqué of 1972
Pyongyang, 4 July 1972

Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-aggression, and Exchanges and Cooperation Between the South and the Korea (Basic Agreement)
Seoul, 13 Dec. 1991

Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
Seoul and Pyongyang, 20 Jan. 1992

Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Geneva, 21 Oct. 1994

South–North Joint Declaration
Pyongyang, 15 June 2000

Agreement on the Prevention of Accidental Naval Clashes in the West Sea, and the Cessation of Propaganda Activities and the Elimination of Propaganda Apparatus in the Military Demarcation Line Area
Mt. Seorak, 4 June 2004

Inter-Korean Maritime Agreement and Subsequent Agreement (summary)
Pyongyang, 5 June 2004

Joint Statement of the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks
Beijing, 19 Sep. 2005

Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, 2000–2006, Joint Statements/Press releases
1st Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Seoul, 29–31 July 2000
2nd Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 29 August–1 September 2000
3rd Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Jeju Island, 27–30 September 2000
4th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 12–16 December 2000
5th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Seoul, 15–18 September 2001
6th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Mt. Geumgang, 9–14 November 2004 (no statement issued)
7th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Seoul, 12–14 August 2002
8th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 19–22 October 2002
9th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Seoul, 21–24 January 2003
10th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 27–29 April 2003
11th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Seoul, 9–12 July 2003
12th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 14–17 October 2003
13th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Seoul, 3–6 February 2004
14th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 4–7 May 2004
15th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Seoul, 3–6 August 2004
16th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 13–16 September 2005
17th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Jeju Island, 13–16 December 2005
18th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 21–24 April 2006
19th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pusan, 11–14 July 2006 (no statement issued)
20th Inter-Korean Ministerial Talks, Pyongyang, 27 February–2 March 2007

North Korea–Denuclearization Action Plan
Beijing, 13 Feb. 2007

International precedents for military confidence building
Europe

Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act
Helsinki, 1 Aug. 1975

Document of the Stockholm Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe convened in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Concluding Document of the Madrid Meeting of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
Stockholm, 19 Sep. 1986

Vienna Document 1990 of the Negotiations on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures Convened in Accordance with the Relevant Provisions of the Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting of the Conference on Securtity and Co-operation in Europe
Vienna, 17 Nov. 1990

Vienna Document 1992 of the Negotiations on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures Convened in Accordance with the Relevant Provisions of the Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting of the Conference on Securtity and Co-operation in Europe
Vienna, 4 March 1992

Vienna Document 1994 of the Negotiations on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures
Vienna, 28 Nov. 1994

Vienna Document 1999 of the Negotiations on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures
Istanbul, 16 Nov. 1999

Treaty on Open Skies
Helsinki, 24 March 1992

Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security
Budapest, 3 Dec. 1994

Agreement on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vienna, 26 Jan. 1996

Confidence Building Measures Process between Greece and Turkey 2000–2003 (summary)
Since 2000, a process has been taking place between Greece and Turkey to agree on a number of CBMs to reduce the tension between the two states emanating from conflicts over Cyprus and the Aegean Sea. The talks have taken place under the auspices of NATO and in talks between the political directors of the respective foreign ministries. However, the measures agreed to so far are largely symbolic and have done little to reduce the recurrent tension between the two states. The CBMs that have been agreed to include:
* Direct communications channels at the foreign minister level
* Direct communications channels at the defense minister level
* Mutual invitations of officers to attend large-scale military exercises
* Cooperation in the prevention of pollution in the Evros/Meric River
* Exchange of timetables for national exercises to be conducted in the Aegean Sea region in the next year
* Organizing visits between staff officers of the general staffs of the army, navy and air force
* Exchange of students between the respective war academies
* Establishing cooperation between military hospitals
* Cooperation between the national defense colleges
* Exchange of personnel for training purposes between the respective PfP Training Centers

Asia

India-Pakistan
Agreement between India and Pakistan on the Advance Notice of Military Exercises
New Delhi, 6 April 1991

Agreement between India and Pakistan on Prevention of Air Space Violations and for Permitting Over Flights and Landing by Military Aircraft
New Delhi, 6 April 1991

India–Pakistan Joint Declaration on the Complete Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
New Delhi, 19 Aug. 1992

India-China
Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas
Beijing, 7 Sep. 1993

Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas
New Delhi, 29 Nov. 1996

Protocol between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on Modalities for the Implementation of Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas
New Delhi, 11 April 2005

China-Russia+3
Agreement between Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (as a joint party) and China on confidence building in the military field in the border area (Shanghai Agreement)
Shanghai, 26 April 1996

Agreement between Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (as a joint party) and China on the Mutual Reduction of Armed Forces in the Border Area
Moscow, 24 April 1997

Middle East

Israel-Egypt
Separation of Forces Agreement between Israel and Egypt
Kilometre 101 on the Cairo–Suez Road, 18 Jan. 1974

Interim Agreement between Egypt and Israel
Geneva, 4 Sep. 1975

Peace Treaty Between Israel and Egypt
Washington, DC, 26 March 1979

Israel-Syria
Separation of Forces between Israel and Syria
Geneva, 31 May 1974

Israel-Jordan
Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Arava/Araba Crossing Point, 26 Oct. 1994

Latin America

A number of regional CBMs have been agreed and partially implemented in Latin America under the auspices of the Organization of American States (OAS). The following are the main CBMs agreements that have been concluded:
Buenos Aires Group of Experts „Illustrative List of Confidence & Securitybuilding Measures for Countries to Consider Adopting on the Bilateral Sub-regional Level”
Buenos Aires, 15–18 March 1994

Confidence- and Security-Building Measures Declaration of Santiago
Santiago de Chile, 10 Nov. 1995

Declaration of San Salvador on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures
San Salvador, 28 Feb. 1998

Consensus of Miami: Declaration by the Experts on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures: Recommendations to the Summit-Mandated Special Conference on Security. Illustrative List of Confidence- and Security-Building Measures
Miami, 3–4 Feb. 2003

Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related Materials (OAS Firearms Convention)
Washington, DC, 14 Nov. 1997

Inter-American Convention on Transparency in Conventional Weapons Acquisitions (OAS Transparency Convention)
Guatemala City, 7 June 1999

Agreements on maritime CBMs

Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Prevention of Incidents On and Over the High Seas (Incidents at Sea Agreement, INCSEA)
Moscow, 25 May 1972

Other INCSEAs
Bilateral INCSEA agreements, modeled on the US-USSR agreement, have been signed between the following states:
* 1986 Agreement between the UK and the USSR concerning the Prevention of Incidents at Sea beyond the Territorial Sea (UK-USSR Incidents at Sea Agreement)
* 1988 Agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and the USSR concerning the Prevention of Incidents at Sea beyond the Territorial Sea (FRG-USSR Incidents at Sea Agreement), Moscow 25 October 1988
* 1994 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation concerning the Prevention of Incidents at Sea beyond the Territorial Sea
* 1994 Japan-Russia Agreement on Prevention of Incidents on and over the High Seas to prevent maritime accidents
* 1998 Agreement between the Department of Defense of the United States of America and the Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China on Establishing a Consultation Mechanism to Strengthen Military Maritime Safety, Beijing, 19 January 1998

Greece-Turkey: naval, air CBMs
Memorandum of Understanding on Confidence-Building Measures
Athens, 17 May 1988

Guidelines for the Prevention of Accidents and Incidents on the High Seas and in International Airspace
Istanbul, 8 Sep. 1988

Black Sea
Joint Declaration and Document on Confidence- and Security-building Measures in the Naval Field in the Black Sea
Kyiv, 25 April 2002

Finland-Russia
Statement by the Finnish delegation at the OSCE FSC on the Bilateral Agreement on Exchange of Naval Visits between the Russian Federation and Finland
Vienna, 16 Oct. 2002

Agreements on CBMs in the Nuclear and CBW fields

Agreement between India and Pakistan on the Prohibition of Attack Against Nuclear Installations and Facilities
Islamabad, 31 Dec. 1988

Agreement between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Pre-notification of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles
Islamabad, 3 Oct. 2005

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons on Their Destruction (Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, BTWC)
London, Moscow and Washington, DC, 10 April 1972

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (Chemical Weapons Convention, CWC)
Paris, 13 Jan. 1993

Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the United States of America Regarding a Bilateral Verification Experiment and Data Exchange Related to Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Jackson Hole, 23 Sep. 1989

Joint Statement on Biological Weapons by the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States and the Russian Federation
Moscow, 10–11 Sep. 1992